Rainy Days Essay

showery geezerhood are wonderful to me. Some cadences they can be a hassle but I still love them. The besides time I usually have rainy days is when it is July though. Rainy days are awesome to me sense I can do a lot of things in my own house. The reasons why I similar rainy days mainly is because I can blather, listen to music, relax, and erase comforting food. First of all, the reason I alike rainy days is because I love to sing.During my rainy days sense the air is usually moist and the temperature is usually cold, it is my darling time to practice. The climate actually sustains my parting by making it very moist instead of dry. If I sing with a dry throat, it will injure my vocal chords and it would also damage my tonsils since I would be straining my voice. So I like to vivify it on the safe side and practice the most on rainy days. Nonetheless, I love to listen to music on rainy days. I mostly listen to sad or calm music because it relaxes me and brings bring out my emotions.It gets as yet better when I look out the window and I see the gloomy, wispy, and foggy roads and the grasshoppers, birds, and squirrels take c everywhere under big, kelvin trees or leaves with dew from the rain on them as I see the whitish, grey-haired rain splatter all over the place. My favorite song that I like to listen to most is called How to Avoid the Sun by Bi Rain it is one of the most beautiful songs Ive heard or at least one of the nicest songs Ive listened to.Music also makes me realize naked as a jaybird things and wonder about the world especially when it is raining. Another reason is that I love to relax during rainy days. Hearing the pitter patter of the raindrops going on the ground while there is loud thunder as itty-bitty cool, white or yellow strikes in the sky that looks like a crack in the dark, grey clouds called lightening flash all over the place. I could just flop down on my bed and nose under my warm, soft blankets to be nice, cozy, and comfy.Another thing I like to do is take a nap to the sounds of the rain or daydream. It makes me feel like it is winter or something because the cold temperature also relaxes me. Finally, the last reason I love rainy days is because I can waste as much fattening food as I want. Ice cream, tropic chocolate, tea, you name it and I will eat it. Eating is one of my favorite things to do even though I do not eat a lot. These are my comfort foods during rainy days to also help me relax.The taste of the creamy, doughy ice cream tickles my taste buds and gives me a learning ability freeze sense I eat too fast because cookie dough ice cream is my favorite the hot chocolate is sweet, warm, and its warmth makes me feel nice and cozy and my tea is one of my favorites even though it is healthy. I usually drink tea warm and sugarless because I try to stay skinny at the same time and my favorite tea is either Darjeeling or Tao lemon grass and kB tea but, these are the reasons why I love ra iny days.

Organizing, Researching, and Illustrating your Materials Essay

1. digest month, four clients complained the Roanoke Branch collectable to low quality of work produced. 2. trey months ago, Roanoke Branchs Art Director and Account Executive unexpended the agency. Also, three graphic designers and four copywriters wanted to quit due to natural problems. 3. The branch accepts radical clients without any form of evaluation that may reach new accounts of the workload that the branch produces. 4. The administrative group is being insensitive to the needs of its employees in monetary value of their benefits and good performance.The branch became focus on the inner(a) problem of the association that manifest within their issue of work. Facts and Causes The administrative group us being insensitive to the needs of its employees in terms of their benefits and good performance. As what Mr. Forest said in his elaboration of the inherent problem of the branch, some of the employees ( curiously those who are the branchs best producers) left wing the alliance. Based on the surveys that were conducted, the employees were not given good benefits and opportunities once they collapse good performance. The most important thing in the company is bring in and not on how to manage both employees and clients. Impact and Effects Because of the companys insensitivity to the needs of its employees, the quality of the production declined from 89% to 63% quarterly. It was seen in the survey that the employees could not have their good performances due to internal problem of the company that caused them trouble in both professional and monetary problems. In terms of professional problems the case increases to 78% this year from 43% last year.When it comes to financial problems, the annual production went down to $167,000 in 2006 from $256,000 in 2005. Because of this, both professional and financial stability are having trouble due to employee and client production and communication. Solutions 1. The administration must conduct a new philosophy when it comes to their employees needs and benefits because the company lives because of the employees who produce the works. 2. There must be a quarterly reviews and inspections in order to discuss the situation and problems of the company so that it could solve the problem immediately.3. The administration should also provide any liable agreements and justifications to any form of action that they wanted to do especially if it could affect their employees to avoid circumstances and misunderstandings between them and their employees. Illustration The probable spokesperson that can be use in this research is table in order to compare and contrast the difference of production and cost of production from the recent years to the present year along with the employees performance and circulation. croak CitedRobert G. Turner. Organizing, Researching, and Illustrating your Material.

Religion, Morality, and the Good Life

organized religion, Morality, and the Good Life Does piety depend on godliness? some confide the fundamental aspects of holiness and religion join to breed the basis on how nonp aril chooses to live their life. Some would define soundeousness as a system we humans use to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. Morality could derive from a number of different f pr make believeiceors including, religion, culture, and upbringing. Those that believe that lessonity derives from religion or paragons commands trust in the presage sway possibleness.The divine Command system is the idea that godliness is symbiotic on god that is moralistic bargain be determined by their obedience to Gods commands. This possible action has been and probably allow for continue to be controversial to many. Morality must(prenominal) take aim a purely secular foundation. Although religion expertness non be the concrete basis for ethical motive, it is certain that religion i s needed sometime when dealings with specific aspects of godliness. There ar 2 types of morality, justified and unjustified. justify morality is common sense and does non require intense interpretation.For object lesson, Do not steal is a justified moral command because when genius steals they are bringing evil to someone and that is guilty. Unjustified morals are much harder to find reason for than justified morals which bottomland be easily justified by common knowledge. Do not lead sex forrader marriage, is an example of an unjustified morality. It is difficult to explain wherefore doing the act is immoral. This moral standard is irrational in that there is no reasonable retort why one should not do this act in position to remain moral.Religion comes in handy when dealing with blue-eyed(a) areas of morality. Those grey areas are known as the unjustified moral commands or unjustified morality. Given the example for an unjustified moral command, one could answer the question Why should I not do this in order to remain moral, by expression it is immoral to have sex before marriage because God commanded us not to because he will vindicate one who does not follow his commandments. There is no central maltreat because if this action but ones self-interest or timidity of Gods wrath will keep one from committing this immoral act.The use of God and religion to justify these issues is plainly useful when dealing with a God-fearing and moral soul. Although using religion with morality, in this case, whitethorn cause one to agree that morality needs religion and that the shaper Command system explains why, it does not justify that religion is the basis for morality. ar right and wrong actions commanded by God? The Divine Command Theory states that proper and bad are created by God, not by humans. It has been illustrated that the Divine Command Theory cannot be logically true.The Divine Command Theory states that if God commands A, his commands by itself are sufficient to make A good. A is good just means A is commanded by God. Gods commands are good simply because God commands it. If there were no God, or if God did not issue any commands, then there would be no such thing as moral right or wrong. However, if actions are good on their own without influence from God, then the Divine Command Theory is false because it is graphicly commanded that we do things which are good and avoid those in which we know to be wrong.Ones belief in the existence of a god or gods may cause one to believe that morality dupes Gods existence. Their beliefs fulfillm to give their lives routine and clear understanding. In Genesis 127 it sound outs, So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them male and female he created them. (NIV) According to Christianity, God created us in his likeness as to fulfill the plan or purpose that he had intended for us. With this idea, the Catholic Church developed the concept o f natural fair play.This natural law concept stated that by working out what ones purpose is, we will be able to see how we should act and/or behave it would be apparent in the way in which we have been designed. Within the Catholic Church, the Popes condemnation of homoeroticism is an example of the natural law theory at work. The natural conduce to sex is conception, and any other sexual act that is not ready(prenominal) to this possibility would be an immoral rejection to the plan God had intended for them. It is straightforward that this natural law approach to ethics can cause controversy.It might be perceived as a poor imitation of morality in that it fails to provide justification for many basic moral principles. The speculate link between God and morality provides the idea because God is all-powerful and our creator we have an obligation to go after his commands. With him being our creator, we owe him our existence. Many ask the obvious question, Why do we have this o bligation? Although this opine has not stood up to reflection, people once believed that children owed the act of obedience to their parents only because children depended on their parents. This view is remarkably similar to the reasoning given for feudalism.In feudalism, in exchange for the protection of the lord, the vassal would give some sort of divine service to the lord. The obligation between the lord and the vassal regarding the fief or bolt down forms the basis of the feudal relationship. The weakness in this political system was that the vassals never agreed to this plan. By answering the above question in saying that our obligation to obey Gods command is because obedience is chastely right, the assumption has been made that morality exists independently of God. Why things are right in the first place is justified and explained by the Divine Command Theory.The Divine Command Theory shows an apparent resemblance to the natural law approach as discussed just before. Rat her than focusing on features of his simulated creation as with the natural law theory, the Divine Command Theory implicates a focus on Gods orders. An obvious example of Gods orders would be the Ten Commandments. The most common expostulation to this approach is that it makes morality seem somewhat subjective. It implies the theoretical likelihood of infraction being right simply because God commands this. Some may say that God would never command such an act as rape. God has not, in fact, commanded that rape is good.Assuming that the Divine Command Theory is, in fact, true, it would see Gods goodness in that he will not do anything wrong. But it does not follow that he wont be unjust or cruel. As long as he is not violating any of his commands, no matter what God does, he will not be doing anything wrong. God is omniscient and morally perfect. Surely this gives us exact reason to why we ought to obey his commands. Gods moral perfection, after all, guarantees that he will issue only those commands that he debates are right. His overall insight and expertise assures that he will never be wrong in what he believes is right to command of us.It sees God as the highest possible moral guide, giving us reason to always obey his commands. Although this is correct, it does not support the Divine Command Theory. To argue this point is to assume that the greater moral quality is dependent of Gods will, in which the basis for what he commands is. Some thinkers like Immanuel Kant and John Newman, just to lift a few, have argued that a sense of conscience is evidence of God. With morality and religion being independent of one another, the independence is considered to be congenial with the existence of God.If we accept that the existence of conscience assumes a being to whom we owe responsibility, God would seem like the only candidate. He is the only person with omnipotent power to see and judge our every action. Newman furthered this thought by asking why people w ould feel guilty if they did not think they were being watched. In conclusion, there is something wrong with every way of linking morality to religion. I am not claiming that religion cannot have things to say close to morality or that it is incapable of helping people do what is morally right.Instead, my claim is that ethics is enhanced with a religiously neutral foundation. Religion can be defined a set of practices independent of a belief system. Religion is the way in which you worship. Some people have participated in religious worship for a while without giving a great deal of thought to a belief system. Morality can be based on religion, but it also can be independent of ones religion or faith. Although it is possible to chequer a religion and not prevent to any strong moral principles and vice versa for holding just moral principles, many people hold religious and moral principles.As with Christianity, religion is doing what you are told to do regardless of what is right, and morality is doing what is right regardless of what you are told to do. Although morality and religion are employ at times to justify one another, they are not dependent of one another. . Works Cited Genesis 1 NIV The Beginning In the generator God Bible Bible Gateway. Web. 15 Apr. 2013 <http//www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search= multiplication+1&version=NIV>. The Internet Classics Archive Euthyphro by Plato. The Euthyphro. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013

A Financial Analysis of G.Wilson

device is a cyclical business. During economic booms, both individuals and corporations tend to build in addition much and too quickly. Profit- take heedking entities, anxious not to miss out on the economic potential of the boom, push up the demand for both verbal expression materials and labor, which then increases the prices of those variables.In time, and with more and more infrastructure erected, an excess supply develops. When the economic system suddenly turns downward, this excess supply, finding no demand, then pushes prices of related assiduity products downward.G. Wilson and Its Erratic EarningsG.Wilson is an example of a company that finds it hard to produce arranged earnings. In one sense it is inevitable for a company that is solely devoted to the production of construction materials to have cyclical earnings. While it has a solid balance sheet, G.Wilson is simply too vulnerable to the boom and demote cycles of the construction industry to realize stable and la sting profits.However, a reliable level of innovation can help insulate the company from these general shocks, with one example being Mr. Monroes proposal of necessitate costing. By changing how the company estimated its be for the production and sale of rebar, Mr. Monroe was in nitty-gritty bringing a modicum of both clarity and stability into the earnings picture.With the direct costing method, the price arrived at for the rebar was more precise, in contrast to the gray method which used industry-approved, but inaccurately determined fixed costs, including items such(prenominal) as overhead. In this specific instance it was determined that out-of-pocket expenses for a ton of rebar averaged at $406, but fixed costs remained more or less constant, so that profits earned or losses realized depended on the amount of tonnage actually sold and shipped.The proposal to add tonnage in the proposed job to the backlog for the month in which it is to be produced was meant to produce a method by which a more prcis costing could be arrived at, especially in relation to the fixed costs involved.When it came to selling the rebar to the contractors, the more precise costing would allow the company to see immediately which deals were going to produce a profit and which were not, thereby avoiding big(p) deals in the first place. Without this more precise costing, the company might demean into deals that would make little economic sense, and be saddled with costs that it result in essence pay for in future production. 

Analysis of the Investment Opportunities in Amp and Qbe Essay

This study directigates the opportunities to make an enthronisation decision amidst adenosine monophosphate limited and QBE Insurance theme particular(a). In order to find that, this study has done ratio psycho abbreviation, assay and rejoin assessment, SWOT epitome and analysis regarding the influence of the external environment.Both international ampere limited and QBE Insurance Group Limited are in the restitution attention whereas QBE provides general insurance policy service and deoxyadenosine monophosphate has 2 blood line units which includes vitamin A quintupleancial Services and group A Capital Investors. Considering profit cleverness analysis, dictatorial risk and cost control policy, put in AMP Limited is found out to be a get out choice than investing in QBE Insurance Group Limited, even though EPS and P/E ratio contrary the choice. This study has also done SWOT analysis on the insurance sedulousness and external environment analysis which may aff ect the investment decision. on that pointfore, after considering all these analysis, this study concludes that investing in AMP limited decision would be worthwhile than investing in QBE Insurance Group Limited. 1.Introduction The purpose of the report is to make a conclusive investment decision between AMP and QBE companies based on educated analysis which includes ratio analysis, risk and make assessment, SWOT analysis and sham of external environment on the AMP and QBE. Therefore, companys fiscal performance, future profitability opportunity associated with risk plunder be speculated prior to the investment decision.2. Company profile As one of the largest companies in Australia, QBE Insurance Group Limited provides general insurance service non only in Australia, but also in all everywhere the demesne. And for AMP limited, it is an Australian financial corporation which focuses on insurance services to the customers in Australia and New Zealand.3. Risk Assessment 3.1 Cu rrent ratio For the financial year ended 31st Dec 2010, AMP has a flow rate ratio of 9.99 which is big than the QBE recruit 1.30. Since current ratio is a broadsheet of short-term solvency of companies, the ratio indicates that AMP is to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) liquid than QBE in 2010 financial year. In a historical view from Table 1 in appendix, the current ratios of AMP were constantly larger than QBE figures in the past 10 year.3.2 Debt/equity ratio From the balance sheets provided by Annual Report Online Database (n.d.), the D/E ratios can be calculated as 29.36 for AMP and 3.08 for QBE in 2010 financial year. The enormous difference between D/E ratios of the elect firms indicates that AMP has bigger debt components in its capital structure than QBE does. The D/E ratios of AMP and QBE for years between 2006 and 2010 shows AMP shareholders are bearing much risks than QBE shareholders because of the heavy portion of debts the company has to generate value f or separately horse in equity.3.3 Return on equity In 2010 financial year, AMP gives us a ROE of 24.45%, compared with the ROE of QBE which is 12.30%. The ROE figures indicate that each dollar bill in AMPs equity could generate more profit than that in QBEs. From information provided in Fin Analysis Database (n.d.) and illustrated in Table 2 in appendix, we can analyze the historical trends of the two companies. From 2005 the ROE ratio of AMP had a continuously growth in a higher(prenominal) place QBE and reach the peak of 52.43% in 2007. After that period, both AMP and QBE had supple contraction in ROE, however the ROE of AMP maintained larger than QBE till now.From the ratio analysis above, we can briefly conclude that the AMP has more risks in farseeing-term solvency than QBE however, it is much more profitable than QBE for each dollar invested in its equity. Considering analysis above, investing in AMP is better over QBE from the profitability point of view.3.4 Systematic risk analysis 3.4.1 AMP Provided by Fin Analysis Database (n.d.), the beta coefficient of AMP is 1.73. The beta figure suggests that the systematic risk of AMP is greater than the average risk in the market. Based on coupon rate of 5-year and 10-year government bonds as hale as the market risk premium for 2010 provided by Pablo Femandez (n.d.), the expected break of investing in AMP is 14.78% for 5 years and 15.78% for 10 years.3.4.2 QBE From Fin Analysis Database (n.d.), the beta coefficient of QBE is 0.50, which is smaller than an average risky asset and the beta of insurance industry. The expected return of investing in QBE is calculated as 7.65% for 5 years and 8.65% for 10 years.As illustrated above, the systematic risk of AMP is larger than QBE, this result in a greater expected return on investment in AMP for a five to decennium years period.4. Return analysis 4.1 Earnings Per Share As we can see from the historical data from Fin Analysis (n.d.), as at 30/12/2010, the EPS of QBE was $121.73, obviously higher than that of AMP which was $36.90. For the last 10 years, the EPS of QBE was generally indicated a trend of stable growth from 2001 to 2007 and peaked at 2007 of nearly $225.67, however, from 2008 to 2010, the EPS started to decrease, especially decreased from $196.41 in 2009 to $121.73 in 2010. As for AMP, on the other hand, in that location was a significant change of EPS in 2003, during which era the EPS decreased from -$78.73 to -$399.86, afterwards it also had ups and downs, but the trend was quite polish with an EPS around $40.00. Therefore, considering the trend in the last ten years, OBE has a higher EPS with reasonable fluctuation.4.2 Net bring in Margin Net profit shore is commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of the companys ability of converting revenue into actual profit. During the last ten years, both AMP and QBE undergo a generally increasing trend in the Net Profit Margin except for the year 2008. The average net pr ofit valuation account of QBE and AMP was around 5% and 10% respectively, which indicates that AMP might hurl a more effective cost control policy compared to QBE.4.3 P/E ratio (PER) As we can see from the database of Financial analysis (n.d.) which showed in Table 3, from 2003, the PER trend of both QBE and AMP were quite sedate without much fluctuations. Also QBE generated a slightly higher PER than AMP, which indicates that QBE yields higher returns and is more price sensitive than AMP.5. SWOT analysis 5.1 Strengths The life and the non-life insurance partitioning in Australia are certainly considered as an attractive place where to do business, because both fragments are expecting to grow over the future period more at a rate of 7% per annum compared to the growth rate for the industry as a whole.5.2 Weaknesses Non-life insurance premiums are barely developing because this segment is fully grown in mature market, so it is difficult to invest and profit to investors. There is also a lack of reinsurance capacity in the local market and the local market of investments is exposed to the requirements of the global market.5.3 Opportunities There is a strong linkage between life insurance products and old-age pension funds which mean the growth of the superannuation funds will benefit to life insurance in Australia. Voluntary motor insurance and non-life insurance are growing quite dramatically in Australia, so there is still a possibility of investments to these products.5.4 Threats The investment risks in connection with the normal insurance products are placed with the clients, not with the insurers. That is, fluctuation in global financial markets may easily have a negative impact on life premiums.6. Impact of external environment of insurance industry The institution economy is not stable in recent several(prenominal) months. That means the growth of world economy cannot be reasonably guaranteed. It is due to the fact that two of the most classic and largest economic bodies in the world cannot seek appropriate solutions to their own economic problems.As the largest economy in the world, the Statesn economy has been in difficult situation and struggling since the world financial crisis. The US economic statistic data have revealed that the recovery of the Americas economy will probably be a long process. For example the unemployment level of the last six months in America is between 9 to 10 percent. It should be mentioned that the US average unemployment rate is 5.7 percent. tied(p) though the data indicates that the US manufacturing industry rebounded last month, the probability of recess is still high.The economy of European Union (EU) is also experiencing difficulties. The European debt crisis has been airing from Greece to Spain and Italy. It is an unambiguous fact that Greece is insolvent. Even though Spain and Italy is not insolvent, they have liquidity problems. The suddenly deteriorated finance in Europe has resu lted in the loss of authority of investors.The insurance industry has been growing steadily since global financial crisis. that the natural disasters such as the flood and hurricane in Queensland have important influence on insurance industry .More specifically, QBE suffered from these catastrophes such as storms in Queensland and Victoria. Besides, the 12 tornadoes that happened in America and Christchurchs fourth major earthquake in New Zealand also affected QBEs profit. But these natural disasters failed to decrease QBEs profit. Instead, it was the contraction in insurance margins led to the shares of QBE to decrease.7. shoemakers last In conclusion, AMP limited is better choice than QBE Insurance Group Limited to invest due to high profitability opportunity, considering systematic risk and cost control policy although EPS and P/E ratio indicates in favor of QBE. According to returns, AMP is slightly better than QBE in ground of investment decision. Therefore, it would be h ighly recommended to invest 1 million dollar in AMP limited rather than QBE Insurance Group Limited.

Online Recruitment

According to BusineeDictionary. com, Human Resource focus includes activities often epochs(prenominal) as human resources planning, enlisting, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation and remuneration. It aims at developing mass by means of employment. In human resource eliminatement, enlisting is iodine of the most important actes in an organisation. According to BusinessDictionary. com, enlisting is a course of fulfil of discovering and employing best suitable appli empennaget, whether external or internal organisation, for a seam position in a most suitable and cost efficacious management. at that place be disparate sheaths of occupancy recruitment, such as online recruitment and advertisement recruitment. In the 21st century, m both of the organisations using online recruitment to essay the best campaigner for play a huge, as the cyberspace build transformed vocation hunting and recruitment. There ar few types of online recruitment. One of the methods is professional websites. cause of professional website is www. shrm. org, where many tindidates who be awaiting for human resources concern go into that site. They boast special(prenominal) professions, skills and non general in nature. The second type is employer website.It bay window be developed by different employers or faeces be confederacy own website. One manakin is www. directemployers. com, which is the first supportive, guild owned online recruitment set up by Direct Employers Association. The cash in atomic issue 53s chips type is individualal credit line posting. Job seekers become aw ar of the va potcies where the recruiters fleck labors and look to for chances. Example of prank board is www. cablestreet. com. (Gosh, nd) In fact, there ar s form many new(prenominal)wise methods of online recruitment. Online recruitment has advantages and disadvantages in helping organisation for recruitment and selection.It has do a haz ard efficient on the employment process for either large and crushed organisation. For those companies who are dumb using paper exercises retain practised to part internet for important sections of the hiring process. The first profit would be the reduce duration for hiring. Online recruitment, is also mobiliseed e-recruitment has alter a manager to give up an adjacent real time communication and for everyday and every hour in labor lookup activity. For example, a manager foundation postal service a va idlercy in a very short time on a passage site such as workstreet. com without imitation. He or she house start sights in response immediately. In online stock advertisement, the billhook normally be in unattached status for as long as angiotensin converting enzyme month and keeps on to assemble bottom of the inningdidates resumes as personal line of credit seekers come crossways it. As compared with the conventionalisticistic practises, job advertise ment in newspaper or journal may pull away about bingle week or later save not only for one day. Therefore, employer has to wait till the end of month to fuck off the responses by appli privyts, oddly for those who need immediate va evokecy and special areas industry. Bayt. com, 2009) According to Bayt. com, hiring in e-recruitment gives 70% faster than traditional recruitment practises, and the cycle of recruiting is speeded up at every process of posting, which is to adjoin applicants resumes and filter the discriminating reading and call for hearing. The second strike in of e-recruitment is cost effective. We need money to advertise the job vacancy in newspaper or journal, and this is not cheap for the advertisement. bit the online posting is about(prenominal) cheaper as compared with traditional practises.According to bayt. com, the association post online to a job site such as www. bayt. com would be charged only USD250, which would be practically cost-sav ing than the cost of job advertisement in newspaper or journal publication or the 30% of one-year incomes that many military force managers charge. Bayt. com shows a study that the be of posting vacancy and awaiting for candidates on job vacancies can be up to 90% lower than the costs of adapting traditional search agencies and advertising practises. (Bayt. com, 2009) Third clear is wider run into for manager.The information of traditional practises are normally restricted by industry, geography, career lever or other limitations man the e-recruitment can form upstart and restless talent databases that cover all industries, regions, and career levels. The club spent much to energize sure the databases are varied, regular updated, germane(predicate) and best gauge as they need to keep advertising in newspaper for changing, modify information. However, e-recruitment teams can ensure that the portals are always easy gather ined by applicable applicants and are visit ed by the target job seekers which can easily reach to the manager. Bayt. com, 2009) Next benefit would be the wider reach for applicants. The candidates contact benefits from the wider span by dint of internet job sites. With the click of a mouse, they are able to admission charge different types of jobs in different companies, locations and eve salaries. They can reach the order faster as they are easily hinted for inter follow opportunities by save sending their resumes online. (Bayt. com, 2009) E-recruitment offers some screening or filtering tools which change recruiters to immediately take to the woods on the right applicant using many categories on a site such as jobstreet. om, which including locations of residence, qualifications, education backgrounds, skills and sometime(prenominal) experience and employer. The process of e-recruiting and selecting good quality applicants is very efficient. This technology industrial plant by alter search engine which is set u p to rise the databases. For example employer can key in some of the requirements then the bequeath would match with the candidates resumes. (Bayt. com. 2009) In online recruitment, federation usually would set up a page the likes of smart set pen or history for the candidates to view on it. done this, employers can use this to create company patsy and values to prospective job seekers. Therefore, applicants would make decision on applying that job as they encounter an idea about company they work for. (Bayt. com, 2009) Furthermore, through with(predicate) internet, recruiter can manage full-page recruitment process from one mean, which enable recruiter to advertise vacancies, receive resumes, screen, contact applicants, track activities in internet. Therefore, the paper work is reduced. On the other side, the job seekers can also view their application progress at every step of recruitment process.This enhanced exploiter experience for some(prenominal) job seekers and re cruiters. In addition, both job seekers and recruiters can opt to exercise their confidentiality. For example, applicants can post their resumes online while keeping their names and current companys name privately. Same thing to recruiters, they can choose to search databases without posting a job position if the vacancy nature is sensitive, and they can post a job vacancy while keeping their company name privately. Employers can also build up database, save game dominance or attractive resumes from present applicants for coming(prenominal) use. Bayt. com, 2009) Moreover, the manager has exuberant control over the recruitment process through online recruitment, which enables direct contact with candidates which does not need a middle person to do the selection, filtering, and assessment. (Bayt. com, 2009) This is because recruiter can choose the best candidate through their elaborate in resume and match with the position, which does not need so much of red tape. E-recruitment has brought so many benefits to organisations, as well as job seekers. Apart from its benefit, e-recruitment has kinda a few drawbacks to the organisations.First of all, e-recruitment benefits for only applicants who knew internet grappleledge. The process is confine to those computer savvy applicants. For those who tell apart the use of internet, they fuddle no job to search different job websites, do screening, key spoken communication, modify information. Therefore, it brings no benefit for those who do not cut to use online job site. (Ghosh, nd) Besides that, company has to be very particular on good consequences because it may ope drift to discrimination charge if the company did not assured of word utilize when posting the advertisement online.There is one example for Disney world, which was sued for screening applicants resumes by using the keywords favorred for Whites. (Ghosh, nd) As online recruitment became a trend, more and more applicants joined and apply f or vacancy. The vast pool of candidates does benefits recruiters so far also atomic number 82 disadvantage to them. This is because they have to sit down and do a give out of deep scanning database. They great power not view all the candidates which may miss out some of the best potential candidates as they might randomly choose candidates. As a result, applicants flavor more competition. Ghosh, nd) Furthermore, organisations suit some non- good candidates. Quite a number of candidates post their resumes just to know their employment value. Recruiters could not check whether the candidates are flagitious in applying job or not. When call for interview, recruiters just realised that candidates are not serious and not interested to join their company. By that time, the recruiters have rejected some serious applicants. (Gosh, nd) The last drawback is disclosure of information. Candidates resumes and organisation profile are available to public.Some candidates who are still work ing do not want their present employer to know that they are looking for a change. Some of candidates particulars such as address, phone number has brought to many security measures problems. In addition, organisations do not want their competitors know their current situation. (Ghosh, nd) To make e-recruitment more effective, there are some criteria. for the first time we must benefit the selection mental process. Company should consider about different factors to make the procedure effective. Company should analyse and compare the costs and its risks by using takings on investment (ROI).It helps to estimate the return and guess the benefits to company. Company should have change management, is to adapt trade changes by devising policy proactive and flexible. Company should provide guidelines in the policy. As the whole e-recruitment process depends on the availability of candidates in the market, company should consider market labour rate and unemployment rate. Recruiter sho uld not spend too much of time to do screening, choosing candidates because this order pass on decide whether to be lenient or stringent. Ghosh, nd) Moreover, recruiter should consider the shock absorber of providing compensation information. He or she should follow lawful norms when disclose information such as salary, wage and benefit. Candidates should not be given chances for negotiation. Besides, competitors would know the compensation rate of company. When screening resume, recruiter must take precautions. He or she must avoid using key words that discriminate race, religion, and gender. For example, recent university graduates only in an ad are not preferable.Besides, recruiter should keep update so that the candidates know the results and changes, otherwise it will not serve any purpose. (Ghosh, nd) Come to the modern impacts of e-recruitment, one of these is speedy communication. caution and staff can communicate with each other though the blogs. So, blogs, vodcasts, p odcasts can be added as a tool in e-recruitment. Vodcasts are characterisation podcasts while podcasts are digital media files services. As a result, recruiters cannot blame of being one way communication such as faxes and mails.Secondly, candidates today can choose the company which is not only look at the financial state but culture. In past experience, employers had privilege to be selective in recruitment process, especially in screening candidates resumes which were not upright to candidates. Therefore, image will not influence candidates to apply for company. Next, the number of popularity of search engine ads has increased, which resulting printed ads are phasing out, as pay-per-click is very attractive and convenient. Finally, job board is holding RRS feed, one of it is Google.For those who do not have any job site, Google offers them to post the jobs on Google Base. This is a group of web feed formats to expose updated works regularly, such as news headline, blog entri es in stock(a) format. (Ghosh, nd) In conclusion, traditional practises should not be replaced by online recruitment. It should be made as an enhancement. Online recruitment can be included by traditional practises and recruitment process will be speed up, globalise ascribable to e-recruitment. We should make it as supplement, because both traditional and online are useful.When only ternion vacancies and three candidates available in organisations do not have much choice, hence companies prefer to broaden their search and attract a lot of applications. However, when company sure two thousands applications for three vacancies, recruiters are not achievable to do in depth screening process. While internal search is effective for a method such as campus interview, but without internet, fundamental interaction with candidates becomes time go through when receiving application in hand.Of course, there are other concerns which companies need take into account, example like managing staff expectations. Recruiter can receive all applications electronically, even overnight. Overall, online systems offer major advantages in terms of improve efficiency, cost saving, and recruiter and candidate satisfaction. References BusinessDictionary. com. (2009) Human Resource Management (HRM). online Available at http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM. hypertext markup language (Accessed 1 December 2009) BusinessDictionary. com. (2009) recruitment online Available at http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/recruitment. hypertext markup language (Accessed 1 December 2009) Bayt. com. (2009) The Benefits of Online recruitment online Available at http//www. bayt. com/en/career-article-1121/ (Accessed 2 December 2009) Ghosh, Arundhati. (nd) E- Recruitment The Recent Trend of Recruitment Practices online Available at http//www. 123oye. com/job-articles/business-corporates/e-recruitment. htm (Accessed 2 December 2009)Online RecruitmentA ccording to BusineeDictionary. com, Human Resource Management includes activities such as human resources planning, recruitment, selection, orientation, training, appraisal, motivation and remuneration. It aims at developing people through work. In human resource management, recruitment is one of the most important processes in an organisation. According to BusinessDictionary. com, recruitment is a course of action of discovering and employing best eligible applicant, whether external or internal organisation, for a job position in a most suitable and cost effective way. There are different types of job recruitment, such as online recruitment and advertisement recruitment. In the 21st century, many of the organisations using online recruitment to search the best candidate for company, as the internet have transformed job hunting and recruitment. There are few types of online recruitment. One of the methods is professional websites. Example of professional website is www. shrm. org, where some candidates who are searching for human resources job go into that site. They have specific professions, skills and not general in nature. The second type is employer website.It can be developed by different employers or can be company own website. One example is www. directemployers. com, which is the first supportive, company owned online recruitment set up by Direct Employers Association. The last type is job board. Job seekers become aware of the vacancies where the recruiters post jobs and search for candidates. Example of job board is www. jobstreet. com. (Gosh, nd) In fact, there are still many other methods of online recruitment. Online recruitment has advantages and disadvantages in helping organisation for recruitment and selection.It has made more efficient on the employment process for every large and small organisation. For those companies who are still using paper applications have practised to use internet for important sections of the hiring process. The f irst benefit would be the reduce time for hiring. Online recruitment, is also called e-recruitment has enable a manager to have an immediate real-time communication and for everyday and every hour in job search activity. For example, a manager can post a vacancy in a very short time on a career site such as jobstreet. com without imitation. He or she can receive resumes in response immediately. In online job advertisement, the posting normally stays in available status for as long as one month and keeps on to receive candidates resumes as job seekers come across it. As compared with the traditional practises, job advertisement in newspaper or journal may take about one week or later but not only for one day. Therefore, employer has to wait till the end of month to receive the responses by applicants, especially for those who need immediate vacancy and special areas industry. Bayt. com, 2009) According to Bayt. com, hiring in e-recruitment gives 70% faster than traditional recruitmen t practises, and the cycle of recruiting is speeded up at every process of posting, which is to receive applicants resumes and filter the information and call for interview. The second benefit of e-recruitment is cost effective. We need money to advertise the job vacancy in newspaper or journal, and this is not cheap for the advertisement. While the online posting is much cheaper as compared with traditional practises.According to bayt. com, the company post online to a job site such as www. bayt. com would be charged only USD250, which would be more cost-saving than the cost of job advertisement in newspaper or journal publication or the 30% of annual incomes that many personnel managers charge. Bayt. com shows a study that the costs of posting vacancy and searching for candidates on job vacancies can be up to 90% lower than the costs of adapting traditional search agencies and advertising practises. (Bayt. com, 2009) Third benefit is wider reach for manager.The information of trad itional practises are normally restricted by industry, geography, career lever or other limitations while the e-recruitment can have recent and active talent databases that cover all industries, regions, and career levels. The company spent much to make sure the databases are varied, regular updated, relevant and best quality as they need to keep advertising in newspaper for changing, updating information. However, e-recruitment teams can ensure that the portals are always easily viewed by relevant applicants and are visited by the target job seekers which can easily reach to the manager. Bayt. com, 2009) Next benefit would be the wider reach for applicants. The candidates gain benefits from the wider span through internet job sites. With the click of a mouse, they are able to access different types of jobs in different companies, locations and even salaries. They can reach the company faster as they are easily contacted for interview opportunities by just sending their resumes onli ne. (Bayt. com, 2009) E-recruitment offers some screening or filtering tools which enable recruiters to immediately work on the right applicant using many categories on a site such as jobstreet. om, which including locations of residence, qualifications, education backgrounds, skills and past experience and employer. The process of e-recruiting and selecting good quality applicants is very efficient. This technology works by automated search engine which is set up to find the databases. For example employer can key in some of the requirements then the result would match with the candidates resumes. (Bayt. com. 2009) In online recruitment, company usually would set up a page like company profile or history for the candidates to view on it.Through this, employers can use this to create company brand and values to prospective job seekers. Therefore, applicants would make decision on applying that job as they have an idea about company they work for. (Bayt. com, 2009) Furthermore, throu gh internet, recruiter can manage whole recruitment process from one mean, which enable recruiter to advertise vacancies, receive resumes, screen, contact applicants, track activities in internet. Therefore, the paper work is reduced. On the other side, the job seekers can also view their application progress at every step of recruitment process.This enhanced user experience for both job seekers and recruiters. In addition, both job seekers and recruiters can opt to maintain their confidentiality. For example, applicants can post their resumes online while keeping their names and current companys name privately. Same thing to recruiters, they can choose to search databases without posting a job position if the vacancy nature is sensitive, and they can post a job vacancy while keeping their company name privately. Employers can also build up database, save high potential or attractive resumes from present applicants for future use. Bayt. com, 2009) Moreover, the manager has full cont rol over the recruitment process through online recruitment, which enables direct contact with candidates which does not need a middle person to do the selection, filtering, and assessment. (Bayt. com, 2009) This is because recruiter can choose the best candidate through their details in resume and match with the position, which does not need so much of red tape. E-recruitment has brought so many benefits to organisations, as well as job seekers. Apart from its benefit, e-recruitment has quite a few drawbacks to the organisations.First of all, e-recruitment benefits for only applicants who knew internet knowledge. The process is limited to those computer savvy applicants. For those who know the use of internet, they have no problem to search different job websites, do screening, keywords, updating information. Therefore, it brings no benefit for those who do not know to use online job site. (Ghosh, nd) Besides that, company has to be very particular on legal consequences because it may lead to discrimination charge if the company did not aware of word used when posting the advertisement online.There is one example for Disney world, which was sued for screening applicants resumes by using the keywords preferred for Whites. (Ghosh, nd) As online recruitment became a trend, more and more applicants joined and apply for vacancy. The vast pool of candidates does benefits recruiters but also lead disadvantage to them. This is because they have to sit down and do a lot of deep scanning database. They might not view all the candidates which may miss out some of the best potential candidates as they might randomly choose candidates. As a result, applicants face more competition. Ghosh, nd) Furthermore, organisations face some non-serious candidates. Quite a number of candidates post their resumes just to know their employment value. Recruiters could not check whether the candidates are serious in applying job or not. When call for interview, recruiters just realised th at candidates are not serious and not interested to join their company. By that time, the recruiters have rejected some serious applicants. (Gosh, nd) The last drawback is disclosure of information. Candidates resumes and organisation profile are available to public.Some candidates who are still working do not want their present employer to know that they are looking for a change. Some of candidates particulars such as address, phone number has brought to many security problems. In addition, organisations do not want their competitors know their current situation. (Ghosh, nd) To make e-recruitment more effective, there are some criteria. Firstly we must benefit the selection procedure. Company should consider about different factors to make the procedure effective. Company should analyse and compare the costs and its risks by using return on investment (ROI).It helps to estimate the return and evaluate the benefits to company. Company should have change management, is to adapt marke t changes by making policy proactive and flexible. Company should provide guidelines in the policy. As the whole e-recruitment process depends on the availability of candidates in the market, company should consider market labour rate and unemployment rate. Recruiter should not spend too much of time to do screening, choosing candidates because this rates will decide whether to be lenient or stringent. Ghosh, nd) Moreover, recruiter should consider the impact of providing compensation information. He or she should follow legal norms when disclose information such as salary, wage and benefit. Candidates should not be given chances for negotiation. Besides, competitors would know the compensation rate of company. When screening resume, recruiter must take precautions. He or she must avoid using key words that discriminate race, religion, and gender. For example, recent university graduates only in an ad are not preferable.Besides, recruiter should keep updating so that the candidates know the results and changes, otherwise it will not serve any purpose. (Ghosh, nd) Come to the modern impacts of e-recruitment, one of these is speedy communication. Management and staff can communicate with each other though the blogs. So, blogs, vodcasts, podcasts can be added as a tool in e-recruitment. Vodcasts are video podcasts while podcasts are digital media files services. As a result, recruiters cannot blame of being one way communication such as faxes and mails.Secondly, candidates today can choose the company which is not only look at the financial state but culture. In past experience, employers had privilege to be selective in recruitment process, especially in screening candidates resumes which were not fair to candidates. Therefore, image will not influence candidates to apply for company. Next, the number of popularity of search engine ads has increased, which resulting printed ads are phasing out, as pay-per-click is very attractive and convenient. Finally, job boa rd is holding RRS feed, one of it is Google.For those who do not have any job site, Google offers them to post the jobs on Google Base. This is a group of web feed formats to publish updated works regularly, such as news headline, blog entries in standard format. (Ghosh, nd) In conclusion, traditional practises should not be replaced by online recruitment. It should be made as an enhancement. Online recruitment can be included by traditional practises and recruitment process will be speed up, globalise due to e-recruitment. We should make it as supplement, because both traditional and online are useful.When only three vacancies and three candidates available in organisations do not have much choice, hence companies prefer to broaden their search and attract a lot of applications. However, when company received two thousands applications for three vacancies, recruiters are not possible to do in depth screening process. While internal search is effective for a method such as campus in terview, but without internet, interaction with candidates becomes time consuming when receiving application in hand.Of course, there are other concerns which companies need take into account, example like managing staff expectations. Recruiter can receive all applications electronically, even overnight. Overall, online systems offer major advantages in terms of improved efficiency, cost saving, and recruiter and candidate satisfaction. References BusinessDictionary. com. (2009) Human Resource Management (HRM). online Available at http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM. html (Accessed 1 December 2009) BusinessDictionary. com. (2009) Recruitment online Available at http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/recruitment. html (Accessed 1 December 2009) Bayt. com. (2009) The Benefits of Online recruitment online Available at http//www. bayt. com/en/career-article-1121/ (Accessed 2 December 2009) Ghosh, Arundhati. (nd) E- Recruitment The Recent Trend of Recruitment Practices online Available at http//www. 123oye. com/job-articles/business-corporates/e-recruitment. htm (Accessed 2 December 2009)

Geof is the only genuine caring character in the play Essay

Geof is the only documented sympathize with guinea pig in the play the opposites are totally self-importanceish and self centred. Discuss this statement.From the beginning of the play we house see Jo is the main character, she is passing independent and self reliant this is obvious from one of the opening pages were Jos mum Helen states children owe their parents these little attentions to which Jo replies with I feignt owe you a thing. This shows Jo sees her relationship with her mother as strained, she scents she has brought herself up and not very had her mother their to support her. She has learnt to rely on herself and not trust her mother.When Jo becomes large(predicate) with a low-spirited boy form the navy, who leaves her pregnant Jo reacts badly because she is so independent and utilize to looking after herself. Geof (Jos spanking friend) offers her a shoulder to human action to and she flings on him Im not provision big plans for this baby or dreaming big dreams. You Know what happens when you do things the worrys of that. The baby will be born dead or daft She feels she has let herself d travel and been promiscuous, however the sailor boy was religious offering her marriage and hit the sack before he left, she felt in a safe relationship and that was why she slept with him. But Jo exclusively sees that shes do the resembling mistakes her mother made when she had her at a young age. near expectant mothers dont have this negative attitude towards their unhatched child however I feel its because she hazards she may let the child down like her mother let her down. jemmy the black boy from the navy who got Jo pregnant gave the impression of a kind and genuine character who did honestly love Jo until he left. In my sagacity he loved her and did intend to return for her barely got scared of the prejudice he would face if he did return. He said to Jo about her mother decision out about their engagement Shell see a coloured boy. H e obviously felt his race was going to be an issue in their relationship and how it was perceived and was worried about it. Jo however did fill out Jimmy was in the navy and even said to him on one role I might as considerably be naughty piece of music Ive got the chance. Ill probably never see you again I know it. So I believe deep down Jo knew in that respect was a chance she wouldnt be seeing him again.In my cerebration Helen did love her female child she just didnt know how to treat her, mayhap it was because she had her at a young age? She bets to commend she should treat her fille like a friend, she even encourages her underage daughter to drink You dont smell it, you drink it I think the only focusing Helen knew to lick her daughter love her was the way she made men love her, by flummoxting her drunk.Helen did want her daughter to make something of her life I feel. She encouraged her to draw, saying her drawings were very good Have you ever melodic theme of goin g to a becoming art school and pass waterting proper training? But I think the main reason she cherished Jo to make something of herself was so she could sponge of her. Helen says to Jo When you start earning you can start moaning. In my opinion shes saying to Jo you make some money and get us somewhere nicer. Shes not taken the task upon herself to pass her and her daughter somewhere nice to live shes going to watch for her daughter to did it for them. Not a typical loving mother and daughter relationship, Helen is reliant on her daughter Jo.Helen is in my opinion lazy with go through to her relationship with her daughter. She is constantly asking her daughter to do stuff some the house Pass me that bottle Have we got any aspirins left Jo? hither is another example of Helen be reliant on her daughter. She also becomes strangely jealous of Jos gay friend Geof. She is constantly rude to him Oh close up up Geof Sling your hook I believe she is jealous of his starchy bond wi th Jo. She feels jealous of their close relationship and doesnt like him virtually as she feels inadequate compared to him.Jo maintains through out the play that she wants to be free of her mother as soon as I get a full-time job, Im leaving Helen and starting up with a room somewhere so for Helen to know theres soul in her life she wants there, that person universe Geof it must make her feel less important. Even for Helen who shows no real care for her Jo to know that her own daughter feels like that must be difficult. I think disunite of her feels she should have a close loving relationship with Jo I just dont think she knows how to or more importantly can be bothered.Peter, Helens latest fling who becomes her husband comes across as a decent sort of guy at first, however he is brassy Helen you look utterly fantastic Got your blue garters on? He does turn nasty towards the end when their marriage isnt going so well Look at Helen, isnt she a game old wench? Worn out on the b eat but shes remedy got a few good strokes left. and I dragged you out of the gutter at a time , If you want to go back there its all the same to me. The way he speaks down to Helen are reminiscent of his character, he believes himself to be above everyone else, better looking, better dressed, better educated, a real snob.Geof takes a mothering role in Jos life, which I dont think she always appreciates. Ill buy you one for Christmas. If you ask nice Ill buy you two. Ill stay here and clear this place up a bit and make you a proper meal. I think Jo actually likes having a figure to look after her but I think she finds it difficult sometimes as shes not used to it, shes used to fending for herself. Why dont you leave me totally? I think that all this shows that despite Jos though out-of-door she does want looking after and companionship, especially from her mother even though she denies it, as that is what Geof is doing for her, being a substitute mother.Geof , a single gay man w as evicted from his flat by his landlady because she caught him with another man. In those days being a sexually active gay man was frowned upon so he was probably quite ashamed about the reason for his eviction and that is why he tries to hide it from Jo. When she asks has your landlady thrown you out? Geof replies Dont be silly, but later tells her the truth. Geof also agrees to move in with Jo, taking on the responsibilities of looking after a Jo and her baby. Also when Jo tells him her baby will be black he is extremely accepting and doesnt seem to care. In my opinion this is due to the prejudice he has faced about being gay.Another time his kind and compassionate character is seen is when he tries to get Jo and Helen talking again despite Jo telling him exactly what her mother is like he still persists and tries to build bridges in their relationship with them and get Helen to help out with the baby. Your mother should know, do you have her address? When he meets Helen though h e is struck by how rude and uncaring she is and sticks up for Jo telling Helen. If Id known you were going to bully her like this Id have never asked you to come Here he shows true loyalty for Jo by sticking up for her.In my opinion Geof is a very lonely young man he didnt seem to have any other friends besides Jo in the play, other than young man he was found in his flat with but in his own words he didnt really know the guy . We cant really be sure of his away because the play doesnt mention it but I feel hes faced a lot of prejudice about his sexual practice and perhaps that is why he so understands Jo. He doesnt seem to have any family, and I think he was trying to make Jo and the baby into a surrogate family for himself.I feel he was the nicest character in the book but he did become quite testy as he was too nice all of the time. All the other characters had floors and attributes that made them lovable or unlovable. Geof however, was just quite bland. Helen for instance was an arouse character because she was so unpredictable, she could have a new boyfriend at any moment, or get drunk and do something ridiculous. Goef on the other hand was predictable but provided the rock of the story. He was Mr. Reliable that Jo could turn to he wasnt an interesting character like Helen but was a vital part of the play.

Madness and the Freedom to Live: Into the Wild

A young man, living in a flourishing civilized environment leaves society and e rattling(prenominal) the benefits that he had behind him to physical body a new vivification. The novel Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer tells the story of a young man, Chris McCandless who had always viewd his liveness story ritual was based on kind knowledge. The existential mind of McCandless seemed to prove this statement current. His effort he charge into his work was nonhing compared to what would lie ahead on this so c anyed tour of his. He loved the fact that each day he had the orifice of being exciting, different, or even dangerous.Chris was different in the way he treasured to experience brio. He wanted to be alone and took no joy in the various human relationships that he had developed in his travels. Chris showed that he was a loner and did not value these relationships by his push aside for normal society and only took pleasure in ambitious himself. To post from all society, o nes mind needs to be stack for once one was there, to come back would be a challenging task. A quote from the beginning of chapter six states, No man incessantly followed his genius till it misled him.Though the result were bodily weakness, yet perchance no one can say that the consequences were to be regretted, for these were a life in conformity to higher principles -Henry David Thoreau (Krakauer 47). Any human, man or woman, whitethorn see the mental capabilities they have, but never portray them in anything value dying for. The judgments of anyone could be overrode by some(prenominal)thing as simple as a conception or pigment of curiosity in ones mind. McCandless went done this exact same thing during his short-lived life.Once the thought of living without society had crossed his mind, he had been fixed on reservation it possible. Every little occurrence over the period of time McCandless washed-out in Alaska began to show it. The little amount of supplies he had ran o ut speedily and the effect was tragic and fatal. The accomplishments he had acquired from taking this journey affected him in the long run. Though McCandless is deceased, the phenomenon of his story lives on, and one can certainly believe that he did not regret anything he put himself through.He whitethorn not have chequered from his own mistakes, but others can learn from the aberrations McCandless put upon himself. Thoreau states, If the day and the night are such that you greet them with joy, and life emits a fragrance like flowers and sweet-scented herbs, is more elastic, more starry, more immortal, &8212that is your success (Krakauer 47). The concepts and visions McCandless perceived and lived can be recognized throughout this statement. He looked at the possibilities in life in a positive manner, and the aftermath of doing this was appreciation, love, and most importantly, success.Thoreau also states, All nature is your congratulation, and you have cause momentarily to ble ss yourself. The greatest gains and values are farthest from being appreciated. We slowly come to doubt if they exist. We soon forget them. They are the highest reality The true harvest of my daily life is somewhat as intangible and atrocious as the tints of morning or evening. It is a little star-dust caught a component of the rainbow which I have clutched (Krakauer 47). In McCandless mind, the only thing he wanted was this.Every little speck of appreciation all showed towards the beautiful pay off nature she is what held his head high, and kept him press release throughout his journey. Anthony Storr wrote It is true that many another(prenominal) creative people fail to make mature somebodyal relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some instances, trauma, in the shape of early separation or bereavement, has steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his personality which can find fulfillment in proportional isolation (Krakauer 61).This is an extremely relevant statement about McCandless and his actions. It illustrates the observations between him, and his tyro. He may be a very intelligent person, and he may be a straight A student, but the failure to be able to obtain a good, close relationship with his father drive him away. But if any person ever got the chance to go through something like McCandless did they would be very distant as well. The fortunate aspects and outcomes of such, allowed him to demoralise over and begin a new life of his own. Rather than love, than money, than fame, declare me honor. I sat at a table where rich victuals and wine in abundance, and obsequious attendance, but sincerity and truth were not and I went away hungry from the inhospitable board. The hospitality was as insentient as the ices -Henry David Thoreau (Krakauer 117). This quote emphasizes the fact of McCandless looking for something that could not be found. The truth he looked for every day of his life had the inability to stay hidden.It tended to sprinkle though ever crack and crevice in the wall his father tried to put up between them. All McCandless wanted was the truth, and all his father had done was separate himself from McCandless more and more. He wanted energy more in life but to know what was really going on, but the incompetence of his fathers actions caused the two to separate. The perseverance of McCandless life showed greatly throughout the readings of this book. Every bit of information lead to hurl the reader understanding of who McCandless was, and why he did what he did.His story was an polished acknowledgement to what he had accomplished. The love McCandless showed towards nature and interest of starting over allowed him to live this dream. The encouragement given to him was taken in a very special manner, and every step McCandless took, was written down as if his life were an epic novel. The troubles and hardships he had gone through and success he ha d gained was all lost, as his body was found later in an abandoned bus.

Malaria in Nigeria Essay

Malaria is unitary of the devastating cases in the world, It has become a major problem beca implement its spreading in 109 countries. close 90% of malaria death comes from Africa, around 66% of the peoples lives ar in high risk. So in total, less than 15% of the spheric total malaria deaths occur in Asia and Eastern Europe. (author)Why is malaria risky?Malaria in humans is caused by m any types of parasites but the most dangerous and the one that causes 90% of deaths around the world from malaria is plasmodium falciparum. This parasite is the most dangerous one because it affects the behavior of the red blood cells, Red blood cells admit infected by the parasite and become sticky and it becomes impossible to give-up the ghost through our body organs so they get stuck. This can declaration to further complications. When this happens inside the brain, it results to coma or even death. (Q&A)How do people in Nigeria try to prevent malaria?There isnt any cure for malaria yet, it can only be preventedIn my own opinion, I think malaria could be prevented by distributing treated bed nets, treating water inebriety it, avoiding stagnant water.Malaria prevention is crucial as malaria can be fatal. streak is better than cure and involves killing the mosquitos and also repelling them. Prophylactic drugs several(prenominal) drugs, most of which are used for treatment of malaria, can be interpreted preventively. Generally, these drugs are taken daily or weekly, at a discredit dose than would be used for treatment of a person who had in truth contracted the disease. Use of prophylactic drugs is seldom practical for full beat residents of malaria-endemic areas. Prevention of malaria involves protecting yourself against mosquito bites and taking ant malarial medicines. But national health officials strongly recommend that children and pregnant women avoid going to areas where malaria is common. (WebMD) Malaria is a serious disease, which in the worst case whitet horn be fatal. Its far-flung in tropical and subtropical areas.Some steerings which malaria can be prevented* Avoid mosquito bites mosquitoes bite particularly at twilight and at night, so you should take most precautions at this time. Spray your room with an insecticide onwards to kill any mosquitoes that has go inside during the day. Otherwise use a mosquito net around your bed, impregnated with an insecticide such as pyrethrum. * Long trousers, ache sleeve clothing and socks thick enough to stop the mosquitoes biting forget also protect you and should be worn outside after sunset but it may be hard to follow such advice in hot climate. Light colors are less attractive to mosquitoes contraceptive medicines should be given to nipplefed, as well as bottlefed, babies because theyre not protected by the mothers medicine passing into the breast milk. Its important to check with your pharmacist or doctor regarding the correct doses for children sr. 12 years or under.Pregnant wome n are discouraged by the WHO from travelling to malria regions whre theres cloroquine-resistant falcipaium malaria because malaria increases the risk of abortion, premature birth , solace birth and maternal death. Just as for children an extra effort should be made to protect your self from mosquito and malaria if youre obliged to travel. ( cryptograph) Insecticide-treated bed nets may be low-tech, but they are a highly effective way to prevent the spread of malaria. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, widespread use of treated bed nets has been shown to reduce transmission of the disease by slightly 90 percent. But the netswhich cost several dollars eachmay be difficult to come by or too costly for those who aim them most. Reapplication of pyrethroid insecticide at the recommended intervals of 6 to 12 months can also go down problems with older nets.BibiliographyNo author. Stop Malaria Now Nil Nil 2008. 21 November 2012 <http//www.stopmalarianow. org>. Bibliographyauthor, No. Stop Malaria Now Nil Nil 2008. 21 November 2012 <http//www.stopmalarianow.org>. nil. Netdoctor. nil nil nil. 01 november 2012 <http//www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/malaria.htm>. Nil. The Lagos State- Malaria Control Program. Nil Nil 2012. 22 November 2012

Greek Mythology in Sun, Moon, and Talia

Sun, synodic month and Talia is an Italian fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 book, Pentamervirtuoso. It is one of the earliest and more sophisticated versions of Sleeping Beauty, following adult themes of rape, sexuality, infidelity and murder far different from the later and softer versions of the tale (Hallett &038 Karasek, 2009). In Sun, Moon, and Talia, Basile uses sundry(a) references to figures in Greek mythology. These references offer sophisticated portrayals of his characters personalities.Through examining these Greek figures, their identity, news report and position in Greek mythology, one can draw parallels betwixt the characters and their plights in Basiles tale. In Basiles story, Scylla and Charybdis be mentioned by the hassock when she says to the Kings secretary, Listen, my son, you ar betwixt Scylla and Charybdis, between doorpost and the door, between the poker and the grate (Hallett &038 Karasek, 2009). Historically, Scylla and Charybd is were sea monsters situated across one other on the banks of the narrow Strait of Messina.Scylla lived in a cave facing the west and was a gruesome sight with twelve feet, six longs necks and heads with tether rows of close-set teeth. She would capture sailors from every ship that passed by with each of her mouths. On the cliff opposite her resided Charybdis. Three meters a day she would bring in and regurgitate the water of the passage creating a dangerous whirlpool (Keightley, 1838, p. 271). The queers mention of Scylla and Charybdis is grouped with other harsh and narrow conditions.The articulate between Scylla and Charybdis is a Greek idiom used to describe both equally perilous alternatives, neither of which can be passed without encountering and probably go victim to the other. It is used similar to the English idiom between a rock and a hard place. The sissy uses the harsh address to compel the Kings secretary to give testimony to the activities of her husband. some other Greek figure mentioned in the tale is Medea, daughter of King Aeetes of Colchis. In 431 B. C. Euripides wrote the play Medea in which she is betrayed by her husband Jason when he decides to take other wife. In her depression over her husbands legal actions, she takes the insane action of murdering her two children And here I quit this theme but I shudder at the deed I must do succeeding(a) for I will slay the children I have bourne thither is none shall take them from my toils and when I have utterly confounded Jasons house I will leave the land, escaping punishment for my dear childrens murder, after my most unholy deed. (Svarlien, 2008) The similarities between the Queen and Medea are subtle. piece of music Medea killed her own children out of distress over Jasons new marriage, the Queen logical the cook to kill the children her husband had with Talia. The themes of jealousy, betrayal and infidelity are apparent and are shared between the two women. Finally, Basile mentions Charon, the ferryman of the dead. The souls of the deceased are passed on to him by Hermes, and Charon ferries them across the river Acheron into the underworld. In her fit of rage, the Queen ordered the secretary to bring Talia to her so that she may be killed by combustion to death in a fire.When confronted with this state of affairs, Talia asked the Queen if she could take the time to remove her clothes first. The Queen agreed and Basile narrates, they were just going to pull out her away to reduce her to lye ashes, which they would throw into boiling water to wash Charons breeches with (Hallett &038 Karasek, 2009). The mention of Charon at this climatic part of the story indicates the temperance of Talias situation. Basile alludes to the brutal end Talia was about to meet. Altogether, Basiles tale offers an archaeozoic version of the classic Sleeping Beauty fairy-tale that most readers would be amazed to read.The subtle comparisons to figures from Greek mythology and their relation to his characters personalities create an atmosphere of grave serious-mindedness and complexity. The tale is mature and creates a sophisticated, yet dark atmosphere with its patently tragic plot. References Hallett, Martin &038 Karasek, Barbara (2009). Folk &038 Fairy Tales 4Th Edition. Peterborough, Ontario Broadview Press Keightly, Thomas. (1838). The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy. Whittaker and Co. Svarlien, Diane Arson. (2008). Medea. Hackett publishing Charon. (n. d. ). In Encyclopaedia Mythica Online. Retrieved from http//pantheon. org/articles/c/charon. html

René Descartes (1596â€1650) Essay

Ren Descartes is often credited with beingness the go chthonian pop prohibited of Modern Philosophy. This title is yetified collectible both to his break with the handed-down bookworm-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanical sciences. His fundamental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold. First, Descartes thought that the Scholastics order was inc drawd to query stipulation their reliance on thaumaturgist as the theme for tot solelyy cognition. arcminute, he wanted to supercede their closing causal cast of scientific explanation with the more(prenominal) young, mechanistic model. Descartes sampleed to address the antecedent issue via his method of doubt. His basic strategy was to contract false any belief that f boths prey to unconstipated the slightest doubt. This hyperbolic doubt hence wait ons to gain the mood for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the exclusivelyice. This clearing of his antecedently held beliefs then puts him at anepistemological ground-zero. From here Descartes touch ons out to find approximately social function that lies beyond altogether doubt. He nonethelesstu entirelyy discovers that I come through is unsufferable to doubt and is, at that placefore, abruptly current. It is from this point that Descartes proceeds to d plaguestrate divinitys worldly concern and that graven image preempt non be a deceiver.This, in turn, serves to fix the reliablety of every social function that is clearly and clear understood and results the epistemological bringation Descartes set out to find. one time this end is reached, Descartes give the axe proceed to rebuild his system of preceding(prenominal)ly dubious beliefs on this inviolately certain representation. These beliefs, which argon re-established with rank(a) certainty, include the innovation of a world of bodies external to the take heed, the dualistic distinction of the immaterial mind from the luggage compartment, and his mechanistic model of natural philosophy found on the clear and distinct inclinations of geometry. This points toward his second, major break with the Scholastic Aristotelian tradition in that Descartes intended to replace their system based on terminal causal explanations with his system based on mechanistic principles. Descartes to a fault utilise this mechanistic framework to the operation of plant, animal and human bodies, sensation and the passions. All of this even sotu exclusivelyy culminating in a moral system based on the nonion of generosity. The Modern modus operandia. Against ScholasticismDescartes is often c everyed the Father of Modern Philosophy, implying that he provided the work throughd for a new philosophy that broke away from the old in principal(prenominal) ways. This old philosophy is Aristotles as it was appropriated and interpreted throughout the subsequent me dieval period. In fact, Aristotelianism was so entrenched in the rational institutions of Descartes time that commentators argued that evidence for its the the unfeigned could be found in the Bible. Accordingly, if soulfulness were to try to refute almost briny Aristotelian tenet, then he could be accused of retentiveness a position contrary to the forge of immortal and be punished. However, by Descartes time, many had come out in whatsoever way against one Scholastic-Aristotelian thesis or early(a). So, when Descartes argued for the implementation of his modern system of philosophy, breaks with the Scholastic tradition were non unprecedented. Descartes broke with this tradition in at to the lowest degree two fundamental ways. The root was his rejection of material anatomys as explanatory principles in physics. A actual form was thought to be an immaterial principle of material organization that ensueed in a crabbed thing of a certain kind. The main principle of su bstantial forms was the final f ar or purpose of being that kind of thing.For example, the bird called the swallow. The substantial form of swallowness unites with matter so as to organize it for the sake of being a swallow kind of thing. This also kernel that any dispositions or faculties the swallow has by lawfulness of being that kind of thing is last explained by the remainder or final bewilder of being a swallow. So, for instance, the goal of being a swallow is the motive of the swallows cleverness to fly. Hence, on this account, a swallow flies for the sake of being a swallow. Although this index be true, it does non say anything new or useful astir(predicate) swallows, and so it seemed to Descartes that Scholastic philosophy and science was unequal to(p) of discovering any new or useful k forthwithledge. Descartes rejected the use of substantial forms and their concomitant final pillow slips in physics precisely for this soil. Indeed, his essay Meteorology, that appe bed aboard the Discourse on Method, was intended to show that cle ber and more fruitful explanations can be obtained without reference to substantial forms alone further by way of deductions from the configuration and motion of parts.Hence, his point was to show that mechanistic principles argon pause suited for making progress in the somatogenic sciences. Another reason Descartes rejected substantial forms and final bears in physics was his belief that these notions were the result of the confusion of the composition of the body with that of the mind. In theSixth Replies, Descartes uses the Scholastic conception of solemness in a stone, to make his point. On this account, a characteristic goal of being a stone was a tendency to move toward the amount of the earth. This explanation implies that the stone has knowledge of this goal, of the center of the earth and of how to get thither. bargonly how can a stone know anything, since it does not think? So, it is a mistake to ascribe mental properties resembling knowledge to entirely physical things. This mistake should be avoided by clearly distinguishing the liking of the mind from the desire of the body. Descartes considered himself to be the first to do this. His expulsion of the metaphysical principles of substantial forms and final causes helped clear the way for Descartes new metaphysical principles on which his modern, mechanistic physics was based.The second fundamental point of difference Descartes had with the Scholastics was his denial of the thesis that all knowledge essential come from sensation. The Scholastics were devoted to the Aristotelian tenet that everyone is natural with a clean slate, and that all material for mind understanding must(prenominal) be provided through sensation. Descartes, however, argued that since the perceives well-nightimes deceive, they cannot be a reliable cite for knowledge. Furthermore, the truth of propositions based on sensation is natur ally probabilistic and the propositions, accordingly, ar in question(predicate) premise when used in arguments. Descartes was deeply dissatisfied with much(prenominal)(prenominal) uncertain knowledge. He then replaced the uncertain premises derived from sensation with the unassailable certainty of the clear and distinct minds perceived by the mind all, as will be explained below. b. Descartes ProjectIn the preface to the French adaptation of the principles of Philosophy, Descartes uses a tree as a metaphor for his holistic look on of philosophy. The root atomic number 18 metaphysics, the frame is physics, and the branches emerging from the trunk be all the other sciences, which may be reduced to collar principal ones, namely medicine, mechanics and morals (AT IXB 14 CSM I 186). Although Descartes does not expand more than more on this image, a few other insights into his overall labour can be discerned. First, notice that metaphysics constitutes the roots securi ng the rest of the tree. For it is in Descartes metaphysics where an suddenly certain and secure epistemological invention is discovered.This, in turn, grounds knowledge of the geometric properties of bodies, which is the basis for his physics. Second, physics constitutes the trunk of the tree, which grows up directly from the roots and provides the basis for the rest of the sciences. Third, the sciences of medicine, mechanics and morals grow out of the trunk of physics, which implies that these other sciences are just applications of his mechanistic science to particular open areas. Finally, the fruits of the philosophy tree are mainly found on these three branches, which are the sciences most useful and beneficial to humankind. However, an endeavor this grand cannot be conducted haphazardly but should be carried out in an orderly and taxonomic way. Hence, before even attempting to plant this tree, Descartes must first figure out a method for doing so. MethodAristotle and subse quent medieval dialecticians set out a fairly large, though limited, set of acceptable argument forms know as syllogisms composed of a general or major premise, a particular or minor premise and a conclusion. Although Descartes recognized that these syllogistic forms preserve truth from premises to conclusion such that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, he still found them faulty. First, these premises are supposed to be known when, in fact, they are unpollutedly guessd, since they express only probabilities based on sensation. Accordingly, conclusions derived from innocently probable premises can only be probable themselves, and, therefore, these probable syllogisms serve more to increase doubt rather than knowledge Moreover, the employment of this method by those steeped in the Scholastic tradition had led to such elusive conjectures and plausible arguments that counter-arguments were intimately constructed, leading to profound confusion. As a result , the Scholastic tradition had become such a confusing web of arguments, counter-arguments and tough distinctions that the truth often got lost in the cracks. (Rules for the Direction of the Mind, AT X 364, 405-406 & 430 CSM I 11-12, 36 & 51-52).Descartes sought to avoid these difficulties through the clarity and imperious certainty of geometrical-style giantstration. In geometry, theorems are deduced from a set of self-evident apothegms and universally agreed upon definitions. Accordingly, direct apprehension of clear, simple and transparent truths (or maxims) by apprehension and deductions from those truths can lead to new and indubitable knowledge. Descartes found this promising for some(prenominal) reasons. First, the reports of geometry are clear and distinct, and therefore they are easily understood unlike the confused and smear inclinations of sensation. Second, the propositions constituting geometrical demonstrations are not probabilistic conjectures but are absolutely certain so as to be immune from doubt. This has the additional advantage that any proposition derived from some one or combination of these absolutely certain truths will itself be absolutely certain. Hence, geometrys rules of inference preserve absolutely certain truth from simple, indubitable and intuitively grasped axioms to their deductive consequences unlike the probable syllogisms of the Scholastics. The choice of geometrical method was obvious for Descartes given his previous success in expending this method to other disciplines like optics.Yet his application of this method to philosophy was not un conundrumatic due to a revival of ancient arguments for global or radical skepticism based on the doubtfulness of human reasoning. scarcely Descartes wanted to show that truths both intuitively grasped and deduced are beyond this scuttle of doubt. His tactic was to show that, despite the best skeptical arguments, there is at least one intuitive truth that is bey ond all doubt and from which the rest of human knowledge can be deduced. This is precisely the date of Descartes seminal work, suppositions on First Philosophy. In the First Meditation, Descartes lays out several arguments for doubting all of his previously held beliefs. He first observes that the gumptions sometimes deceive, for example, objects at a distance appear to be quite small, and for certain it is not prudent to trust someone (or something) that has deceived us even once. However, although this may apply to sensations derived under certain circumstances, doesnt it seem certain that I am here, seated by the fire, wearing a winter dressing gown, holding this piece of paper in my hands, and so on? (AT VII 18 CSM II 13).Descartes point is that even though the senses deceive us some of the time, what basis for doubt exists for the immediate belief that, for example, you are reading this name? still maybe the belief of reading this article or of sitting by the fireplace is not based on true sensations at all but on the false sensations found in dreams. If such sensations are just dreams, then it is not historically the case that you are reading this article but in fact you are in bed asleep. Since there is no principled way of distinguishing waking emotional state from dreams, any belief based on sensation has been shown to be doubtful. This includes not only the mundane beliefs about reading articles or sitting by the fire but even the beliefs of experimental science are doubtful, because the observations upon which they are based may not be true but mere dream images. Therefore, all beliefs based on sensation bring forth been called into doubt, because it might all be a dream. This, however, does not pertain to numeric beliefs, since they are not based on sensation but on reason. For even though one is dreaming, for example, that, 2 + 3 = 5, the certainty of this proposition is not called into doubt, because 2 + 3 = 5 whether the one study it is awake or dreaming.Descartes continues to wonder about whether or not graven image could make him believe there is an earth, sky and other drawn-out things when, in fact, these things do not exist at all. In fact, people sometimes make mistakes about things they think are most certain such as mathematical calculations. moreover maybe people are not mistaken just some of the time but all of the time such that believing that 2 + 3 = 5 is some kind of persistent and bodied mistake, and so the sum of 2 + 3 is really something other than 5. However, such universal deception seems inconsistent with graven images supreme goodness. Indeed, even the occasional deception of mathematical miscalculation also seems inconsistent with beau ideals goodness, yet people do sometimes make mistakes. Then, in line with the skeptics, Descartes supposes, for the sake of his method, that theology does not exist, but instead there is an evil demon with supreme power and cunning that puts all hi s efforts into deceiving him so that he is always mistaken about everything, including mathematics.In this way, Descartes called all of his previous beliefs into doubt through some of the best skeptical arguments of his day But he was still not satisfied and decided to go a step further by considering false any belief that go prey to even the slightest doubt. So, by the end of the First Meditation, Descartes finds himself in a whirlpool of false beliefs. However, it is important to realize that these doubts and the supposed falsehood of all his beliefs are for the sake of his method he does not really believe that he is dreaming or is being deceived by an evil demon he recognizes that his doubt is merely hyperbolic. But the point of this methodological or hyperbolic doubt is to clear the mind of preconceived opinions that might obscure the truth. The goal then is to find something that cannot be doubted even though an evil demon is deceiving him and even though he is dreaming. This first indubitable truth will then serve as an intuitively grasped metaphysical axiom from which absolutely certain knowledge can be deduced. For more, see Cartesian skepticism. The Minda. Cogito, ergo sumIn the Second Meditation, Descartes tries to establish absolute certainty in his famous reasoning Cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am. These Meditations are conducted from the first person perspective, from Descartes. However, he expects his reader to meditate along with him to see how his conclusions were reached. This is especially important in the Second Meditation where the intuitively grasped truth of I exist occurs. So the discussion here of this truth will take place from the first person or I perspective. All sensory beliefs had been found doubtful in the previous meditation, and therefore all such beliefs are now considered false. This includes the belief that I have a body endowed with sense organs. But does the supposed falsehood of this belief mean that I do not exist?No, for if I convinced myself that my beliefs are false, then surely there must be an I that was convinced. Moreover, even if I am being deceived by an evil demon, I must exist in order to be deceived at all. So I must eventually conclude that the proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put foregoing by me or conceived in my mind (AT VII 25 CSM II 16-17). This just means that the mere fact that I am thinking, unheeding of whether or not what I am thinking is true or false, implies that there must be something engaged in that activity, namely an I. Hence, I exist is an indubitable and, therefore, absolutely certain belief that serves as an axiom from which other, absolutely certain truths can be deduced. b. The Nature of the Mind and its IdeasThe Second Meditation continues with Descartes asking, What am I? After discarding the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian concept of a human being as a rational animal due to the inherent difficulties of def ining rational and animal, he finally concludes that he is a thinking thing, a mind A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sense perceptions (AT VII 28 CSM II 19). In the Principles, part I, sections 32 and 48, Descartes distinguishes intellectual perception and volition as what properly belongs to the spirit of the mind alone while imagination and sensation are, in some sense, faculties of the mind in so far as it is united with a body. So imagination and sensation are faculties of the mind in a weaker sense than intellect and will, since they take aim a body in order to perform their functions. Finally, in the Sixth Meditation, Descartes claims that the mind or I is a non-extended thing.Now, since reference work is the character of body, is a needful feature of body, it follows that the mind is by its nature not a body but an immaterial thing. Therefore, what I am is an immaterial thinking thing with the facu lties of intellect and will. It is also important to notice that the mind is a nerve and the modes of a thinking heart are its psyches. For Descartes a substance is a thing requiring nothing else in order to exist. Strictly speaking, this applies only to theology whose humans is his essence, but the term substance can be applied to creatures in a qualified sense. Minds are substances in that they require nothing except perfections concurrence, in order to exist. But estimations are modes or ways of thinking, and, therefore, modes are not substances, since they must be the vagarys of some mind or other. So, ideas require, in addition to Gods concurrence, some seduced thinking substance in order to exist (see Principles of Philosophy, part I, sections 51 & 52). Hence the mind is an immaterial thinking substance, while its ideas are its modes or ways of thinking. Descartes continues on to distinguish three kinds of ideas at the de scent of the Third Meditation, namely th ose that are fabricated, adventitious, or innate. Fabricated ideas are mere inventions of the mind.Accordingly, the mind can control them so that they can be learnd and set excursion at will and their informal sum can be changed. Adventitious ideas are sensations produced by some material thing brisk externally to the mind. But, unlike fabrications, adventitious ideas cannot be examined and set aside at will nor can their internal satiate be manipulated by the mind. For example, no matter how hard one tries, if someone is standing neighboring to a fire, she cannot help but feel the heat as heat. She cannot set aside the sensory idea of heat by merely willing it as we can do with our idea ofSanta Claus, for example. She also cannot change its internal content so as to feel something other than heatsay, cold. Finally, innate ideas are placed in the mind by God at creation. These ideas can be examined and set aside at will but their internal content cannot be manipulated. Geomet rical ideas are paradigm examples of innate ideas. For example, the idea of a triplicity can be examined and set aside at will, but its internal content cannot be manipulated so as to block being the idea of a three-sided figure. Other examples of innate ideas would be metaphysical principles like what is done cannot be undone, the idea of the mind, and the idea of God.Descartes idea of God will be discussed momentarily, but lets consider his claim that the mind is remedy known than the body. This is the main point of the climb on example found in the Second Meditation. Here, Descartes pauses from his methodological doubt to examine a particular piece of hop on fresh from the honeycomb It has not yet quite lost the taste of the honey it retains some of the scent of flowers from which it was gathered its color shape and sizing are plain to see it is hard, cold and can be handled without difficulty if you rap it with your knuckle it makes a sound. (AT VII 30 CSM II 20) The point i s that the senses perceive certain qualities of the go up like its hardness, smell, and so forth. But, as it is travel closer to the fire, all of these healthy qualities change. Look the residual taste is eliminated, the smell goes away, the color changes, the shape is lost, the size increases, it becomes liquid and hot (AT VII 30 CSM II 20). However, despite these changes in what the senses perceive of the wax, it is still judged to be the akin wax now as before. To warrant this fancy, something that does not change must have been perceived in the wax. This reasoning establishes at least three important points. First, all sensation involves some sort of judgment, which is a mental mode.Accordingly, every sensation is, in some sense, a mental mode, and the more attributes that is, modes we discover in the corresponding thing or substance, the clearer is our knowledge of that substance (AT VIIIA 8 CSM I 196). base on this principle, the mind is better known than the body, becau se it has ideas about both extended and mental things and not just of extended things, and so it has discovered more modes in itself than in bodily substances. Second, this is also supposed to show that what is frozen in the wax is its extension in length, breadth and depth, which is not perceivable by the senses but by the mind alone.The shape and size of the wax are modes of this extension and can, therefore, change. But the extension constituting this wax remains the same and permits the judgment that the body with the modes existing in it after being moved by the fire is the same body as before even though all of its sensible qualities have changed. One final lesson is that Descartes is attempting to wean his reader from reliance on sense images as a rootage for, or an aid to, knowledge. Instead, people should become accustomed to thinking without images in order to clearly understand things not readily or accurately represented by them, for example, God and the mind. So, according to Descartes, immaterial, mental things are better known and, therefore, are better sources of knowledge than extended things. Goda. The causal ArgumentsAt the descent of the Third Meditation only I exist and I am a thinking thing are beyond doubt and are, therefore, absolutely certain. From these intuitively grasped, absolutely certain truths, Descartes now goes on to deduce the populace of something other than himself, namely God. Descartes begins by considering what is necessary for something to be the adequate cause of its effect. This will be called the Causal Adequacy Principle and is expressed as follows there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause, which in turn implies that something cannot come from nothing (AT VII 40 CSM II 28). Here Descartes is espousing a causal opening that implies whatever is possessed by an effect must have been given to it by its cause. For example, when a pot of water is heate d to a boil, it must have received that heat from some cause that had at least that much heat. Moreover, something that is not hot enough cannot cause water to boil, because it does not have the requisite reality to bring about that effect. In other words, something cannot give what it does not have.Descartes goes on to apply this principle to the cause of his ideas. This mutant of the Causal Adequacy Principle states that whatever is contained objectively in an idea must be contained either officially or eminently in the cause of that idea. Definitions of some key terms are now in order. First, the objective reality contained in an idea is just its representational content in other words, it is the object of the idea or what that idea is about. The idea of the sun, for instance, contains the reality of the sun in it objectively. Second, the formal reality contained in something is a reality actually contained in that thing. For example, the sun itself has the formal reality of extension since it is actually an extended thing or body. Finally, a reality is contained in something eminently when that reality is contained in it in a higher form such that (1) the thing does not possess that reality formally, but (2) it has the ability to cause that reality formally in something else. For example, God is not formally an extended thing but solely a thinking thing however, he is eminently the extended universe in that it exists in him in a higher form, and accordingly he has the ability to cause its existence.The main point is that the Causal Adequacy Principle also pertains to the causes of ideas so that, for instance, the idea of the sun must be caused by something that contains the reality of the sun either actually (formally) or in some higher form (eminently). Once this principle is established, Descartes looks for an idea of which he could not be the cause. Based on this principle, he can be the cause of the objective reality of any idea that he has eith er formally or eminently. He is formally a bounded substance, and so he can be the cause of any idea with the objective reality of a mortal substance. Moreover, since limited substances require only Gods concurrence to exist and modes require a finite substance and God, finite substances are more real than modes. Accordingly, a finite substance is not formally but eminently a mode, and so he can be the cause of all his ideas of modes. But the idea of God is the idea of an infinite substance. Since a finite substance is less real than an infinite substance by virtue of the latters absolute independence, it follows that Descartes, a finite substance, cannot be the cause of his idea of an infinite substance.This is because a finite substance does not have enough reality to be the cause of this idea, for if a finite substance were the cause of this idea, then where would it have gotten the extra reality? But the idea must have come from something. So something that is actually an inf inite substance, namely God, must be the cause of the idea of an infinite substance. Therefore, God exists as the only possible cause of this idea. Notice that in this argument Descartes makes a direct inference from having the idea of an infinite substance to the actual existence of God. He provides other argument that is cosmological in nature in response to a possible objection to this first argument. This objection is that the cause of a finite substance with the idea of God could also be a finite substance with the idea of God.Yet what was the cause of that finite substance with the idea of God? Well, another finite substance with the idea of God. But what was the cause of that finite substance with the idea of God? Well, another finite substance . . . and so on to infinity. Eventually an ultimate cause of the idea of God must be reached in order to provide an adequate explanation of its existence in the first place and thereby stop the infinite regress. That ultimate caus e must be God, because only he has enough reality to cause it. So, in the end, Descartes claims to have deduced Gods existence from the intuitions of his own existence as a finite substance with the idea of God and the Causal Adequacy Principle, which is manifest by the natural light, thereby indicating that it is supposed to be an absolutely certain intuition as well. b. The Ontological ArgumentThe ontological argument is found in the Fifth Meditation and follows a more straightforwardly geometrical line of reasoning. Here Descartes argues that Gods existence is deducible from the idea of his nature just as the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles is deducible from the idea of the nature of a triangle. The point is that this property is contained in the nature of a triangle, and so it is inseparable from that nature. Accordingly, the nature of a triangle without this property is unintelligible. Similarly, it is apparent that the idea of God is that of a supremely perfect being, that is, a being with all perfections to the highest degree.Moreover, actual existence is a perfection, at least insofar as most would agree that it is better to actually exist than not. Now, if the idea of God did not contain actual existence, then it would lack a perfection. Accordingly, it would no longer be the idea of a supremely perfect being but the idea of something with an imperfection, namely non-existence, and, therefore, it would no longer be the idea of God. Hence, the idea of a supremely perfect being or God without existence is unintelligible. This means that existence is contained in the essence of an infinite substance, and therefore God must exist by his very nature. Indeed, any attempt to conceive of God as not existing would be like trying to conceive of a mountain without a valley it just cannot be done.6. The Epistemological Foundationa. Absolute Certainty and the Cartesian roofyRecall that in the First Meditation Descartes supposed that an evil demon was deceiving him. So as long as this supposition remains in place, there is no hope of gaining any absolutely certain knowledge. But he was able to demonstrate Gods existence from intuitively grasped premises, thereby providing, a glimmer of hope of extricating himself from the evil demon scenario. The next step is to demonstrate that God cannot be a deceiver. At the beginning of the Fourth Meditation, Descartes claims that the will to deceive is undoubtedly evidence of malice or weakness so as to be an imperfection. But, since God has all perfections and no imperfections, it follows that God cannot be a deceiver. For to conceive of God with the will to deceive would be to conceive him to be both having no imperfections and having one imperfection, which is impossible it would be like trying to conceive of a mountain without a valley. This conclusion, in addition to Gods existence, provides the absolutely certain foundation Descartes was seekin g from the outset of the Meditations.It is absolutely certain because both conclusions (namely that God exists and that God cannot be a deceiver) have themselves been demonstrated from immediately grasped and absolutely certain intuitive truths. This means that God cannot be the cause of human error, since he did not create humans with a faculty for generating them, nor could God create some being, like an evil demon, who is bent on deception. Rather, humans are the cause of their own errors when they do not use their faculty of judgment correctly. Second, Gods non-deceiving nature also serves to guarantee the truth of all clear and distinct ideas. So God would be a deceiver, if there were a clear and distinct idea that was false, since the mind cannot help but believe them to be true. Hence, clear and distinct ideas must be true on pain of contradiction. This also implies that knowledge of Gods existence is required for having any absolutely certain knowledge. Accordingly, atheists , who are ignorant of Gods existence, cannot have absolutely certain knowledge of any kind, including scientific knowledge. But this veridical guarantee gives rise to a serious problem within the Meditations, stemming from the claim that all clear and distinct ideas are at last guaranteed by Gods existence, which is not established until the Third Meditation.This means that those truths reached in the Second Meditation, such as I exist and I am a thinking thing, and those principles used in the Third Meditation to conclude that God exists, are not clearly and distinctly understood, and so they cannot be absolutely certain. Hence, since the premises of the argument for Gods existence are not absolutely certain, the conclusion that God exists cannot be certain either. This is what is known as the Cartesian Circle, because Descartes reasoning seems to go in a circle in that he needs Gods existence for the absolute certainty of the earlier truths and yet he needs the absolute certa inty of these earlier truths to demonstrate Gods existence with absolute certainty.Descartes response to this concern is found in the Second Replies. There he argues that Gods veridical guarantee only pertains to the recollection of arguments and not the immediate awaRenss of an arguments clarity and distinctness currently under consideration. Hence, those truths reached before the demonstration of Gods existence are clear and distinct when they are being attended to but cannot be relied upon as absolutely certain when those arguments are recalled later on. But once Gods existence has been demonstrated, the recollection of the clear and distinct perception of the premises is sufficient for absolutely certain and, therefore, perfect knowledge of its conclusion (see also the Fifth Meditation at AT VII 69-70 CSM II XXX).